Townshend Acts

The British Crown emerged victorious from the French and Indian War in 1763, but defending the North American colonies from French expansion had proved tremendously costly to England.

Compared to Great Britain’s debts, the cost of the French and Indian War to the colonists had been slight. The colonists—who arguably enjoyed a higher standard of living at the time than their British counterparts—paid less than one-twentieth the taxes of British citizens living in England.

The British government thought the colonists should help pay the cost of their protection, so the British Parliament enacted a series of taxes on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue. Early attempts, such as the Stamp Act of 1765—which taxed colonists for every piece of paper they used—were met with widespread protests in America.

Benjamin Franklin had informed the British Parliament that the colonies intended to start manufacturing their own goods rather than paying tariffs on British imports.

In response, the Townshend Acts—named after Charles Townshend, British chancellor of the Exchequer—imposed duties on British china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported to the colonies. These particular items were chosen because Townshend thought they would be difficult for the colonists to produce on their own.

While the original intent of the import duties had been to raise revenue, Townshend also saw the policies as a way to remodel colonial governments. The Townshend Acts would use the tax revenue to pay the salaries of colonial government officials, ensuring that America’s government would remain loyal to the British Crown.

Townshend estimated the duties would raise approximately 40,000 pounds, with most of the revenue coming from tea. However, these policies prompted colonists to take action by boycotting British goods. (Townshend didn’t live to see the measures enacted. He died suddenly in September 1767, before the detrimental effects of his signature rules could materialize.)

The Townshend duties went into effect on November 20, 1767, close on the heels of the Declaratory Act of 1766, which stated that British Parliament had the same authority to tax the American colonies as they did in Great Britain. By December, two widely circulated documents had united colonists in favor of a boycott of British goods.

These influential pamphlets were “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” a series of essays written by Pennsylvania legislator John Dickinson and the “Massachusetts Circular Letter,” a statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr. and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives to other colonial legislatures.

With the help of the Sons of Liberty—a secret society of American business leaders who coined the phrase “taxation without representation”—24 towns in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island agreed to boycott British goods in January 1768.

With the exception of necessities, such as fishing hooks and wire, New England merchants agreed not to import British goods for one year. New York followed suit in April, with an even more restrictive non-importation agreement.

In response to protests and boycotts, the British sent troops to occupy Boston and quell the unrest. By 1769, more than 2,000 British troops had arrived in Boston—a large number considering only about 16,000 people lived in Boston at the time.

Skirmishes between colonists and British soldiers—as well as colonists loyal to the British Crown—became increasingly common. To protest taxes, patriots vandalized stores selling British goods and intimidated store merchants and their customers.

Tensions between the colonists and British troops finally boiled over on March 5, 1770, when British soldiers shot into an angry mob, killing five American colonists in an event known as the Boston Massacre.

Little did the colonists or British soldiers know that across the Atlantic Ocean on the same day as the Boston Massacre, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Lord North, had asked Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.

All of the Townshend Acts—except for the tax on tea—were repealed in April 1770. The tax on tea remained a flashpoint and a contributing factor to the Boston Tea Party of 1773, in which angry colonists destroyed an entire shipment of tea in Boston Harbor.

To quell resistant and punish the colonists—particularly the demonstrators in Boston—Parliament passed the Coercive Acts of 1774, which colonists referred to as the Intolerable Acts.

The four Intolerable Acts included the Massachusetts Government Act, instituting an appointed government over the previously-elected, local one; the Boston Port Bill closing Boston Harbor; the Administration of Justice Act, which dictated that British officials could be tried in another colony or in England if charged with capital offenses; and the Quartering Act, which said unoccupied buildings could be used to quarter British troops.

The combined force of these acts culminated in the American Revolution, which was kicked off when the “shot heard round the world” was fired on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.