1960s

The 1960s marked one of the most tumultuous and divisive decades in world history. The era saw an energized civil rights movement, the Vietnam War and antiwar protests, countercultural movements, political assassinations and the emerging "generation gap."

Featured Overview

Historian Yohuru Williams sums up the tumultuous political and cultural movements of the 1960s.

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How the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike Exapnded the Civil Rights Movement Beyond Race

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Featured Overview

Historian Yohuru Williams sums up the tumultuous political and cultural movements of the 1960s.

2:03m watch

Start Here

Police and demonstrators clash near the Conrad Hilton Hotel during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. (Credit: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images)

War. Assassinations. Riots. Violent protest clashes. America was certainly no stranger to political violence, but 1968 appeared to bring the bloodletting to new heights.

John and Jacqueline Kennedy ride through Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

Explore facts about the 1963 JFK assassination, the perpetrator, investigations...and conspiracy theories surrounding the event.

The Woodstock music festival may not have been a smoothly run event, but it featured electric moments—musical and otherwise—that made it unforgettable.

The hippie counterculture reached its height during the escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, and subsided as the conflict drew to a close.

The Great Society

The Great Society

What did President Lyndon B. Johnson envision with his suite of domestic programs known as the Great Society? What did the programs entail, and what became of them after the 1960s?

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1960s

The 1965 U.S. law requiring health warnings on cigarette packs played a key role in bringing about a new era of tobacco regulation.

The 18 members of the U.S. figure skating team as they boarded the ill-fated flight to Brussels on February 4, 1961.

The entire U.S. figure skating team was lost in the horrifying crash. But a memorial fund later helped lay the groundwork for recovery.

John and Jacqueline Kennedy ride through Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

Explore facts about the 1963 JFK assassination, the perpetrator, investigations...and conspiracy theories surrounding the event.

A crowd of delegates in the 1968 Democratic Convention convention holding up the signs that say Stop the War

Presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin shares intimate—and harrowing—memories of the turmoil she and her husband witnessed that summer in Chicago.

With youthful stints in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, the presidential historian and her husband had unparalleled views into the pivotal people and events of that momentous decade.

The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. addresses a crowd from his front porch, at his home in Montgomery, Ala., on Jan. 30, 1956, after it was bombed.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s wife and child were inside when his home was bombed on January 30, 1956. Thankfully neither were harmed.

Martin Luther King and Dr. Spock lead protest against Vietnam War.

In 1967, several prominent antiwar activists urged MLK to run for president with Dr. Spock as his VP.

Voters at a polling station in Dunn Loring, Virginia, November 8, 1960.

Before 1962, citizens in some U.S. states had to pay a tax to vote in federal elections. This is how Congress banned the practice.

A vintage Barbie and Midge with carrying case.

Barbie may be the star of the Mattel doll line, but she has had many friends along the way.

A Black Students Union leader in front of a crowd of demonstrators at San Francisco State College in December 1968. The union had gone on strike after racial strife between students and administration.

The 1968 strike was the longest by college students in American history. It helped usher in profound changes in higher education.

James Baldwin, William F. Buckley Jr.

In 1965, the two prominent intellectuals faced off in Cambridge, England over whether the American dream is at the expense of African Americans. Baldwin won.

The Beatles, circa 1967.

Creative differences, money problems and a certain band member's girlfriend have all been used to explain the split. But what if the truth was a lot more complicated?

Youths throw petrol bombs during the Battle of the Bogside in Derry, Northern Ireland, August 12, 1969.

After mounting tensions between Catholic nationalists and Protestant loyalists, particularly in Belfast and Derry, violence broke out in the late 1960s.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Oswald's would-be victim on April 10, 1963, was an ultra-conservative firebrand named Edwin Walker.

Crowds gather for the The Harlem Cultural Festival on June 29, 1969.

During the same summer as the legendary Woodstock music festival, the Harlem concert series featured major African American artists against a backdrop of massive social change.

Martin Luther King Giving "Dream" Speech

Bureau director J. Edgar Hoover had made his career fighting the perceived threat of communism.

Detroit Riots, 1967

In what came to be known as the 'long, hot summer,' US cities exploded—more than 150 times—into violent upheaval.

Resurrection City, the home of the Poor People's Campaign, is shown on May 31, 1968 after being soaked by days of rain.

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign took protest to a whole new level in 1968 with a tent city that operated as a town.

View of spectators waiting for Robert F. Kennedy funeral train

The New York-to-Washington train had 21 cars, 700 passengers—and millions of trackside mourners.

When Black American Athletes Raised Their Fists in the 1968 OlympicsDraft SharePreviewPublish

After sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a defiant gesture from the awards podium at the Games, they faced repercussions—but also gained respect.

1950s father lying in the grass reading to his son and daughter

And of course, all that grass inspired innovations in mowing.

The 1969 Raid That Killed Black Panther Leader Fred Hampton

Details around the 1969 police shooting of Hampton and other Black Panther members took decades to come to light.

The James Bond ‘Goldfinger’ Actor With a Nazi Past, Gert Fröbe

Israel banned 'Goldfinger' for two months after learning about Gert Fröbe’s former Nazi membership.

How Barry Goldwater Brought the Far Right to Center Stage in the 1964 Presidential Race

Despite a landslide loss, the Arizona Republican ignited his party's ultra-conservative wing for decades to come.

When JFK faced a tight race for the White House in 1960, he turned to a group of Americans who had long been overlooked by political campaigns.

It took just four years to get the mumps vaccine ready for market—but its development leaned heavily on groundwork that had been established during World War II.

Detroit Riots

In one of the worst riots in US history, some 43 people lost their lives and thousands more were injured or arrested.

History of U.S. Recessions

From post-war recessions to the energy crisis to the dot-com and housing bubbles, some slumps have proven more lasting—and punishing—than others.

When Buzz Aldrin was nearly stranded on the Moon

Aldrin saw a broken-off circuit breaker switch lying on the floor of the lunar module and "gulped hard."

Queen Elizabeth II

The queen and the royal family faced significant milestones and challenges during the two decades.

"I am not the Catholic candidate for president,” JFK declared in 1960. “I am the Democratic Party's candidate for president, who happens also to be a Catholic."

The Brady Bunch Almost Never Got Made

1960s television executives weren’t ready to put a blended family on air.

The Chicago 8 Trial

The trial raised questions about the First Amendment and exposed a culture clash in America.

Woodstock, the iconic music festival, brought huge crowds and groundbreaking performances. But it almost never happened.

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What Happened to Dag Hammarskjold?

New evidence supports a theory that the pioneering U.N. secretary general was assassinated.

The Woodstock music festival may not have been a smoothly run event, but it featured electric moments—musical and otherwise—that made it unforgettable.

The Manson Family and Spahn Ranch

The former Western movie set provided shelter—and isolation—as Charles Manson and his followers plotted the 1969 murders of actress Sharon Tate and others.

Little-Known Facts About the Moon Landing

When Neil Armstrong stepped down a ladder and onto the moon on July 20, 1969, the nation achieved an audacious vision. But there were surprising moments along the way and not everything went as expected.

The Amazing Handmade Tech That Powered Apollo 11’s Moon Voyage

Yes, there was rocket science. But there were also extraordinary amounts of low-tech weaving, stitching and caulking.

Apollo 11

The 1969 mission was so ambitious it took three presidents to see it through.

NASA created simulations that mimicked everything from the moon’s gravity to its landscape.

In 1969, NASA was spending millions on the Apollo space program. Some argued that money could be better spent.

Apollo 11

Neil Armstrong’s celebrated “one small step” was far from the most dangerous maneuver in the effort to send three men to the moon and return them home a week later. See a timeline of the entire mission.

Woodstock 1969 was plagued by stormy weather and technical problems, but it produced a string of musical performances that resonate a half-century later.

Charles Manson

Paul McCartney said the song was about a playground slide, but Manson claimed the music incited a race war and murder.

How Many Times Has the U.S. Landed on the Moon?

Among seven Apollo moon landing missions, only one did not land men on the moon.

Claims the Apollo 11 mission was staged began soon after astronauts first set foot on the moon in 1969.

Apollo 10

The mission that paved the way for the Apollo 11 moon landing came close to ending in disaster.

Fifty years later, people are still trying to match the bizarre accident that was Woodstock ‘69.

When Cleveland's Cuyahoga River burned, the nation noticed.

Woodstock

To see the epic performances at Woodstock, attendees endured crowds, rain, minimal food and water—and lots of mud.

Merv Griffin and Art Flemming

It took a scandal—and a grand jury investigation—to usher in a more honest era of TV game shows.

Charles Manson's exploitation of sixties counterculture would result in one of the most notorious crimes of the 20th century.

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Stan Lee

Did Stan Lee support the Civil Rights Movement through his comic books for Marvel?

Vietnam War Veterans

American soldiers returning home from Vietnam often faced scorn as the war they had fought in became increasingly unpopular.

Test pilots, astronauts in training and full astronauts all perished in the effort to lead the space race.

Apollo 7

There were arguments over food, helmets and spacesuits that required 30 minutes for astronauts to use the bathroom.

The hippie counterculture reached its height during the escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, and subsided as the conflict drew to a close.

1968 Miss America Protest

Some of the men who walked by would cheer, while others would shout, 'Go back to the Soviet Union, you commie, lesbian, dyke, crazy, witch.'

In all of their different incarnations, the Men in Black usually have one main purpose: to muzzle witnesses of strange, paranormal phenomena.

Apollo 11

On July 20, 1969, two American astronauts landed on the moon and became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface. The event marked the culmination of a nearly decade-long intense push to meet a challenge posed by President John F. Kennedy.

The 1968 Democratic National Convention is seen as one of the most significant cultural and political watershed moments of the Vietnam Era. Delegates clashed over the ideological future of the fractured Democratic Party while anti-war protestors and police battled in the Chicago streets.

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The Yippies found their voice by organizing an absurdist counter-convention—including nominating a pig for president.

Nixon came out of retirement and beat out Ronald Reagan and Nelson Rockefeller to win the nomination, and was elected President that November.

1967 Detroit Riots

Government researchers found one common denominator among those most likely to riot: They had experienced or witnessed an act of police brutality.

Kennedy drew support from lower-income whites and communities of color, from hopeful youth and disenchanted elders. Historians ponder, if he were elected, whether America might be less divided.

As we commemorate the anniversary of his death, here are 10 things you may not know about Robert F. Kennedy.

Robert F. Kennedy. (Credit: Bill Eppridge/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)

In the aftermath of his brother’s tragic death, RFK became a fearless champion for the underrepresented.

Despite not being a registered voter, or even a resident of New York, RFK received special permission to run for Senate. He won the race against incumbent Republican Senator Kenneth Keating by 700,000 votes.

American artist Andy Warhol, 1928-1987. (Credit: Nancy R. Schiff/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Moments after Valerie Solanas entered Andy Warhol’s sixth-floor office at 33 Union Square West on June 3, 1968, carrying two guns and a massive, paranoid grudge, their lives would be changed forever.

In the middle of his 1964 New York Senatorial bid, Robert Kennedy visits Columbia University to participate in a student-led Q&A session. From this excerpt, one can easily see why Kennedy was a rising star of the Democratic Party and a future presidential hopeful.

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Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon during a campaign appearance in Denver, Colorado, September 25, 1968. (Credit: Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Aides reportedly counseled the GOP candidate against appearing on the goofy, left-leaning comedy show. But Nixon went ahead with his "sock it to me" moment.

Files

The Freedom of Information Act, or FOIA, was signed into law in 1966, giving the public the right to access records from any federal executive branch agency.

As the Cold War wore on, the American government became increasingly concerned about a potential Soviet strike on the U.S. mainland. In this footage from the early 1960's, children are used to test the effectiveness of gas masks.

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Mary Evans was just 16 years old when she attended a rally for presidential hopeful, Robert F. Kennedy. The experience changed her life.

Columbia University Protest, 1968. African American students look down on the balcony of Hamilton Hall at Columbia University during student demonstrations

The ‘Gym Crow’ controversy became a flashpoint at an already volatile university.

National Guardsmen with rifles and fixed bayonets march outside South Carolina State College following the Orangeburg Massacre

The Orangeburg Massacre, one of the most violent yet least recognized episodes of the civil rights period, unfolded at South Carolina State University in 1968.

Police and demonstrators clash near the Conrad Hilton Hotel during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. (Credit: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images)

War. Assassinations. Riots. Violent protest clashes. America was certainly no stranger to political violence, but 1968 appeared to bring the bloodletting to new heights.

After the assassination, King's family did not trust the findings of the FBI, which had harassed the civil rights leader while he was alive.

Alien insurance. A leopard-proof cage. And a heroin-addicted ape-man. These are just a few of the odd details behind the making of one of history's most revered movies.

Onlookers watch as a Chicago storefront building burns during riots in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr's assassination, 1968. (Credit: Lee Balterman/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images)

Riots broke out in over 100 American cities after King’s murder.

Two members of the Black Panther Party are met on the steps of the State Capitol in Sacramento, May 2, 1967, by Police Lt. Ernest Holloway, who informs them they will be allowed to keep their weapons as long as they cause no trouble and do not disturb the peace.

Back in the 1960s, even the NRA supported gun control to disarm the group.

What did President Lyndon B. Johnson envision with his suite of domestic programs known as the Great Society? What did the programs entail, and what became of them after the 1960s?

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(Original Caption) Chicago, IL: An unidentified bystander points accusingly at Illinois National Guardsmen as they stand guard of Grant Park early 8/28 following a large scale confrontation with hippies. Seven hundred troops, all members of the 33rd MP battalion, were ordered into the park, across the street from Democratic National Convention Headquarters at the Conrad Hotel. 8/28/1968

The 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Illinois, was marked by violent protests and party upheaval as Hubert Humphrey clinched the presidential nomination.

The Woodstock Music Festival began on August 15, 1969 in Bethel, New York. Billed as "3 Days of Peace and Music,” the epic event become synonymous with the counterculture movement of the 1960s.

You have to be 21 to buy a handgun at a store, but only 18 to get one at a gun show.

Peace demonstrators taunt Illinois National Guardsmen outside the Democratic National Convention headquarters hotel, on August 29, 1968. (Credit: AP Photo)

As simmering political and cultural resentments exploded in 1968, nearly every week produced news of another earth-shattering event.

From the unlikely host city to the first 'Miracle on Ice,' these games were filled with incredible upsets and improbable firsts.

Peter Norman, Tommie Smith, and John Carlos, as they play the national anthem of the United States at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. (Credit: Rich Clarkson/Rich Clarkson & Associates/Getty Images)

When Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists in protest at the 1968 Summer Games, Australian runner Peter Norman stood by them. It lost him his career.

Explore the history of the 1967 Detroit riots, from the political context that sparked them to the broader consequences of the conflict.

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Chadwick Boseman as the Black Panther.

Marvel's groundbreaking superhero emerged in the 1960s—during the height of the civil rights movement.

How do you ask someone out on a date? A "mental hygiene" film from 1949 offers an interesting look at cultural ideas about teenage dating in the years following World War II.

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Robert F. Kennedy. (Credit: Bill Eppridge/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)

Long before MS-13, Bobby Kennedy battled J. Edgar Hoover to take on the Mafia.

Country singer Johnny Cash performing for prisoners at the Folsom Prison in California on January 13, 1968. The performance was recorded for his live album "Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison."  (Credit: Dan Poush/AP Photo)

More than fifty years later, one of the only reporters allowed inside recalls the iconic concert.

Crowds For King Crowds in Memphis, Tennessee, following the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr in the city, 8th April 1968. In the centre, from left to right are singer Harry Belafonte, Coretta Scott King with Jesse Jackson behind, Reverend Ralph Abernathy and Reverend Andrew Young. (Photo by Santi Visalli/Archive Photos/Getty Images)

A turbulent 1968 included the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War, the assassinations of MLK and Robert F. Kennedy and the historic Apollo 8 lunar mission.

Jones helped convict two men nearly 40 years after their crimes.

Rod Serling, host of the The Twilight Zone. (Credit: CBS via Getty Images)

The iconic genre-bending show is being revived in 2017.

Vogue Editor Francoise Langlade (left) and Oscar de la Renta (right) in cat masks speaking with Anne McDonnell, wife of Henry Ford, in a butterfly mask.

The writer's epic 1966 party helped relaunch Katharine Graham’s social life.

Charles Manson

The cult leader and mass murderer got parole hearings until the very end.

President Lyndon B. Johnson Giving Speech(Original Caption) Message to the Nation. Washington, DC: President Johnson during a quickly-arranged nationwide TV address from the White House today at which he announced that he and the new Soviet leadership have exchanged pledges to continue seeking steps toward a "solid peace." On Red China's explosion of a nuclear device, he said there is "no fear it will lead to immediate danger of war."

The Great Society was an expansive set of programs and legislation launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson to address issues of poverty, crime and inequality.

After JFK's assassination, 87% of Americans believed Oswald was the sole shooter. What happened?

Hugh Hefner, with many of the costumed waitresses from his Playboy Clubs. (Credit: Bettmann / Getty Images)

In 1965, a group of sociologists peeked behind the curtains of a Playboy Mansion party. For science!

Residents look over damage following the second night of the Watts Rebellion in Los Angeles.

The Watts Rebellion was a series of riots that stemmed from an August 1965 arrest in a mostly Black Los Angeles neighborhood before subsiding after six days.

Burning Buildings in Detroit after Riots (Original Caption) 7/25/1967-Detroit: The gutted remins of buildings (left) attest to the destruction caused by two days of rioting in Detroit's west side. A service station continues to burn (right) pouring smoke and flames onto other structures. At least 23 persons have been killed and more than a thousand injured in the two days of violence.

The 1967 Detroit Riots were among the most violent and destructive riots in U.S. history. By the time the bloodshed, burning and looting ended after five days, 43 people were dead, 342 injured, nearly 1,400 buildings had been burned and some 7,000 National Guard and U.S. Army troops had been called into service.

A group of whiz kids using a mainframe computer as big as an elevator staged a wild race against time under the streets of the Big Apple.

Country singer/songwriter Johnny Cash sits on a bed playing acoustic guitar to his first wife Vivian Liberto

Led by white supremacists, the bigoted boycott threatened Cash’s popularity in the South.

Find out more about the huge - and hugely influential - generation of Americans born during the post-World War II period between 1946 and 1964.

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Get the facts on the iconic album from The Beatles.

HISTORY: Hurricane Katrina

Eight surprising facts about one of the United States’ most iconic service programs.

Star Trek

The cult-classic sci-fi series made an enduring cultural impact way beyond the world of television.

Take a look at Barbie's cultural revolution through the decades.

American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, circa 1966.

Bob Dylan shocked audiences at the Newport Folk Festival by strapping on an electric guitar and debuting a new rock ’n’ roll sound.

Apollo 11 Photos

President Nixon prepared a chilling speech in case disaster struck the moon landing.

Rock and roll singer Elvis Presley poses for a portrait in 1956.

Check out seven things you may not know about the iconic entertainer.

The Beatles arrive at New York's JFK airport on February 7, 1964.

Take a look back at how the Fab Four conquered American pop culture.

In an excerpt from his new book, author Steven M. Gillon details the final hours of Lee Harvey Oswald's life.

President LBJ receiving the Warren Commission report on the Kennedy assassination.

Find out more about this much-maligned investigation into the murder of America’s 35th president.

John and Jacqueline Kennedy ride through Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

President John F. Kennedy was just one of a handful of people hit in downtown Dallas on November 22, 1963.

Remembering the Birmingham Church Bombing, Carole Robertson, who was one of the four young girls who were killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, Denise McNair, Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, September 15, 1963 Birmingham, Alabama

On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded at a predominantly Black church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four young girls and setting off nationwide soul-searching.

August 1969: Three single-day admission tickets for the Woodstock Music and Arts Fair in Bethel, New York.

The iconic 1969 music festival had a lot of unplanned and surprising aspects.

martin luther king,, birmingham

King penned of the civil rights movement's seminal texts while in solitary confinement, initially on the margins of a newspaper.

Manson took to a life of crime early on in life. He spent 17 years in jails, reformatories and prisons for various crimes, such as forging government checks, stealing and violent acts.

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The assassination of Robert Kennedy was another tragic incident in a year marked with unrest.

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Robert Kennedy was on the verge of a run for president run when he was struck down by an assassin's bullet just like his brother before him.

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Charles Manson and three female members of his "family" (Leslie Van Houten, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel) are escorted down the halls of a courthouse after receiving guilty verdicts on multiple counts of murder in one of the most shocking cases in history.

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Followers of Charles Manson found themselves captivated by his words and body language.

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The course of events surrounding JFK's assassination shocked the nation and left more questions than answers.

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Ted Kennedy gave a passionate and sorrowful eulogy for yet another fallen brother, Robert F. Kennedy.

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President Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

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Robert Kennedy was a powerful figure in Washington until his assassination in 1968.

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Marilyn Monroe appears in one of her most iconic portraits several years before singing at President Kennedy’s birthday gala.

In 1962, Marilyn Monroe serenaded President Kennedy with a sultry version of "Happy Birthday."

On November 24, 1963, Jack Ruby was arrested for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald, who had been arrested on charges of assassinating President Kennedy and murdering a Dallas police officer two days earlier.

Jack Ruby (1911-1967), a 52-year-old Dallas nightclub operator, stunned America when he shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-1963), the accused assassin of President John F. Kennedy, on November 24, 1963. Ruby was sentenced to the death penalty, but died of cancer in prison.

WASHINGTON, DC - MAY 02: Ambassador Caroline Kennedy speaks at American Visionary: John F. Kennedy's Life and Times debut gala at Smithsonian American Art Museum on May 2, 2017 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Larry French/Getty Images for WS Productions)

Caroline Kennedy, the eldest child of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, spent her early years in the White House before becoming a lawyer, author and ambassador.

Civil Rights Marchers with "I Am A Man" SignsCivil Rights activists are blocked by National Guardsmen brandishing bayonets while trying to stage a protest on Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee. The marching demonstrators, who are wearing signs which say "I Am A Man," are also flanked by tanks.

The 1960s saw John F. Kennedy elected to the White House and gains in civil rights before America splintered amid cultural divisions and Vietnam War protests.

Watch a brief video on the hugely influential Baby Boomers — the generation of Americans born during the post-World War II period between 1946 and 1964.

(Original Caption) Chicago's Democratic Mayor appears glum as he makes a point during news conference 11/6 after Richard Nixon won the race for President. Illinois, the state where Nixon lost his first presidential bid, gave him the victory margin this time. Daley, however retained his power base as Democrats swept to victory in all Cook County races.

Richard J. Daley was a political boss who served as mayor of Chicago and chair of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee for more than two decades.

HISTORY: Vietnam War Protests

Vietnam War protests began among antiwar activists and students, then gained prominence in 1965 when the U.S. military began bombing North Vietnam heavily.

Site of bombed churchSite of bombed church. (Photo by Burton McNeely/Getty Images)

The 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four young girls but also generated sympathy for the civil rights movement.

Robert Kennedy, RFK

Robert Kennedy served as attorney general under President John F. Kennedy and as a U.S. Senator. He was assassinated while campaigning for president in 1968.

Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey photographed in the Capitol.

Hubert H. Humphrey was known for his oratorical skill and his advocacy for civil rights as a U.S. senator from Minnesoa and vice president to Lyndon B. Johnson.

Chief Justice Earl Warren and other Washington luminaries at a table. The Warren Commission was appointed by President Johnson to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

The Warren Commission, established to investigate President John F. Kennedy's death, concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman in the assassination.